Whilst these key infections can be prevented by appropriate vaccination, the best defence against disease challenges to a flock are effective biosecurity measures.

Typically, disease is brought onto the farm by some sort of vector (rodents, wild birds. contaminated clothing/footwear). Humans can carry viruses and bacteria in their nose and hair; flies, rats and birds can carry bacteria and viruses around for weeks transmitting them between farms.

Adequate biosecurity will minimise disease transmission and will ensure minimal disease carryover between flocks.

• Prevent wild bird and rodent entry into house; check buildings, water supplies and feed storage facilities regularly for signs of wild birds or rodents.
• Introduce an adequate rodent/wild bird control programme and good waste disposal practices (for feed, dead birds and litter).
• Follow appropriate washing and disinfection procedures during clean-out.
• Clean, disinfect and store equipment away from the house between flocks.
• Provide showering facilities/clean clothing for personnel and visitors.
• Keep the farm clean and tidy so as to not attract wild birds, rodents and flies.
• Evaluate biosecurity procedures regularly.

Good house-cleaning practice