Two A&S researchers are helping a company test a new way that could increase the number of egg-laying hens, according to a news release from Syracuse University.

There are few methods that stimulate egg production, one of them being increasing exposure to light. Researchers are now exploring the possibility of using sound waves to do the same. Israel-based startup company Soos Technology is using sound wave energy to boost hen populations and to address ethical and economic concerns.

The devices, which are outfitted in the incubator, generate sound waves to fertilised eggs and alter gene expression in the process. The result is genetically male chicks that express female physical traits, which means that these chicks will lay eggs. 

Soos Technology has teamed up with College of Arts and Sciences researchers at Syracuse University. James Crill, professor of practice in the Forensic Science Institute, and Steve Dorus, professor in the Department of Biology, are collaborating on the project. Soon has provided funding for a student research assistant for two years as well. 

At egg farms around the world, culling male chicks is a common practice because the males cannot lay eggs and aren’t used for meat. Approximately 7.5 billion chicks are culled after they hatch, costing farms billions in losses and raising questions about the ethical treatment of animals.

In Europe, some countries are already moving away from culling male chicks, as France, Germany, Italy, Austria and Luxembourg are in the process of banning this practice. To do this, they are requiring farms to implement technologies to detect the sex of the embryos before hatching, so they can be destroyed much earlier in the embryonic developmental process.

Researchers at Soos Technology are perfecting a method that could further transform the egg industry. Sound waves, which have been used in the past to alter gene response in plants, can also alter gene expression in the fertilized chicken embryos, resulting in sex re-assigned chicks that are genetically males but express female physical traits. According to Soos Technology, the treatment is safe for the embryos, non-intrusive to the eggs, and does not involve any form of genetic modification or hormonal intervention.

The researchers control the environmental conditions in the incubator during embryonic development using sound energy produced by vibration. By altering the sound frequencies and volumes, and the humidity and temperatures within the incubator, Soos Technology claims they can increase the odds of hatching a female chick from 50% to near 80%.

Soos Technology was recently awarded a $1 million grant through the Grow-New York competition to continue with research. In order to use the grant, the company was required to partner with a farm and university located in New York State. The farm they chose to partner with is located in Auburn, not far from Syracuse. In addition to helping sort chicks on the farm, the faculty and student team is conducting microscopy and genetic analysis on embryos that have been shipped from the farm to campus labs.

“In our labs at Syracuse University we have a large experiment in place that is looking at genomic and RNA expression to find out what’s happening inside of the chicken during embryonic development that actually tells it to be a female but also have all the male genetics in place,” said Crill. “We are looking to determine how the sound waves are triggering certain female genes to be expressed over the male genes.”

Representatives from Soos Technology have been making periodic trips from Israel to Central New York throughout the implementation and hatching process. Their initial work involved installing and optimizing the incubators at the farm with the sound wave devices in early 2022. Since then, they have returned during hatching periods to document the success rate of their method by comparing the sex of chicks from a control group not exposed to the sound waves to a group that has received the treatment. Their early data shows promise, as around 61% of the hatched chicks who have undergone the Soos treatment have been female.

“The most significant discovery we found was that exposure to sound transmissions at certain frequencies and intensities in the hatchery significantly affects the sex change process, especially when it is performed from day 0 to day 16,” says Efrat Petel, general manager for Soos USA. “On Experiment 26, we found a 69% female ratio in one set and a 63% female ratio in another set. Our technology can influence the embryo to develop into a female, which is eventually able to lay eggs.”

In the coming months, Syracuse researchers will continue to analyse genetic data and perform statistical analysis to determine exactly how sound energy-based incubation is resulting in the production of functional female chickens from genetically male embryos. Their work could result in a new method of incubation that would revolutionize the poultry industry and save both billions of dollars and billions of chicks each year.