β-GLUCANS
β-glucans present in ALPHAMUNE™ G are polysaccharides with side-chain (1-3,1-6) connections resulting in a complex structure, which can not be broken by glucanase enzymes. They will be fermented by ruminating animals.

(1-3,1-6) β-glucans have been reported to have immune enhancing effects in animals, and are known to bind to macrophages, which are activated and secrete signal molecules (cytokinines). These signalling molecules activate the macrophages and lymphocytes(1).

When in contact with an infection, activated
macrophages are stimulated to fagocytosis by attacking the invading pathogen and continue the secretion of more and other signalling molecules. These further timulate and enhance the tissue macrophages for an a-specific immunity boost and activitate T- and B-lymphocytes for a specific mmunity boost(2).

Ref (1)(2) data on file

MANNANS
Mannans present in ALPHAMUNE™ G, are polysaccaharide-protein complexes, originated from the upper layer of Saccharomyces cerevisae cells.

Mannans are indigestible for non-ruminating animals but are known to be used by Lactobacillus spp. as an interesting substrate and source of energy. Such bacteria are avored and regulate better the intestinal flora.

Mannans are known to offer a competitive binding site for certain gram-negative bacteria. Pathogens with the mannose-specific Type-1 fimbriae adhere to the mannans instead of attaching to the intestinal epithelial cells and move through the intestine without olonization(3).

Mannans enhance the absorption and utilization of nutrients due to thinning of the intestinal wall(4).

Ref (3): Newmann 1994, (4) Visek: 1978